Apostasy laws were counted when there were restrictions placed on religious conversions or if there were penalties for leaving one’s faith. In some cases, if laws were characterized as “blasphemy” laws in the sources used for the study, they were counted in this analysis even if they didn’t align with the study’s specific criteria for measuring blasphemy. The study captures whether laws or policies criminalizing blasphemy and apostasy exist (even if they were not enforced during the year). Pew Research Center measures government regulations on speech or actions deemed to be blasphemy or apostasy as part of our research on global restrictions on religion.
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